Understanding Unix Change Mode (chmod)

06 Feb 2023

CHMOD is used to change permissions of a file, here’s how to calculate permission number

Permissions:

Number	Meaning
400	read by owner
200	write by owner
100	execute by owner
040	read by group
020	write by group
010	execute by group
004	read by anyone
002	write by anyone
001	execute by anyone

To get a combination, just add them up.

For example, to grant read, write and execute permission for the owner of the file, read and execute for the group of the file and execute for anyone

400 + 200 + 100 + 040 + 010 + 001 = 751

Here’s how to read and understand permissions:

Let’s assume you ran ls -lah in a macOS directory

Owner  Group  Anyone
rwx    rwx    rwx    john staff foo
rwx    rwx    r-x    john staff bar
rw-    rw-    r-x    john staff baz

foo is 777
bar is 775
baz is 665

Keymap

r	Read
w	Write
x	Execute
-	No permission

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